Grade 2 of 5
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Executive actions that exceed constitutional authority, circumvent statutory constraints, or weaponize government institutions for political ends. Includes unauthorized military deployments, retaliatory firings of inspectors general or oversight officials, abuse of emergency powers beyond their statutory scope, and self-dealing that violates emoluments or anti-corruption provisions.
110 incidents
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump revoked the White House press passes of three news organisations over their coverage. A federal judge ordered the passes restored, doubting the government's after-the-fact national-security rationale. The White House at first kept the reporters out despite the order, then complied the same day.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The EPA repealed most federal limits on carbon pollution from coal and gas power plants -- about a quarter of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions -- and proposed eliminating the rest, asserting that the sector's emissions have no material climate impact.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The Justice Department is using a Florida grand jury to investigate the officials who once investigated Trump, on a theory that the Russia inquiry and the classified-documents case were themselves a criminal conspiracy against him. It subpoenaed former CIA Director John Brennan and former FBI personnel who worked on the Mar-a-Lago investigation. The lead prosecutor quit after reported pressure over the pace of the probe. No charges have been filed, and the targets deny wrongdoing.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
During the worst U.S. measles year in decades, the federal health secretary publicly questioned whether a state's reported measles deaths were real, and the CDC excluded them from its national count and changed how it counts measles deaths -- a gap a Johns Hopkins expert said 'looks like either incompetence or concealment.'
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
A federal bank regulator run by a Trump appointee conditionally approved a national bank charter for the Trump family's crypto company, World Liberty Trust, to issue the USD1 stablecoin and custody digital assets. The president's family holds a reported 38% stake. Watchdogs said the OCC cannot impartially supervise a bank partly owned by the president who appoints and can remove its head. The approval is conditional, and the bank cannot open until it meets further requirements.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The Justice Department tried to force New York Times reporters to testify to a grand jury about their sources for stories on security problems with Air Force One. It also subpoenaed phone records of the reporters' spouses and one reporter's mother. A federal judge rebuked the department, which withdrew the subpoenas and admitted errors. It was the latest attempt under rules rewritten in April 2025 that allow subpoenas to journalists, after earlier subpoenas to Wall Street Journal and Washington Post reporters were also dropped.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump emptied the Election Assistance Commission, the only federal agency dedicated solely to election administration, firing its two Democratic commissioners by email and accepting the Republican's resignation. The White House said the firings were authorized by the Supreme Court's new removal-power ruling. The agency cannot update voting-system guidelines or take other formal votes until new commissioners are confirmed. It had been sitting on a pending demand, pressed by Trump's 2025 election order, to require documentary proof of citizenship on the federal registration form.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The Supreme Court overturned Humphrey's Executor, upholding Trump's March 2025 firing of FTC Commissioner Rebecca Slaughter (Commissioner Alvaro Bedoya was removed at the same time) in a 6-3 ruling. The Court's holding is a constitutional ruling, not conduct by Trump, and it makes the Slaughter removal lawful. The conduct this entry documents is the attempted removal of Federal Reserve Governor Lisa Cook on a mortgage-fraud allegation she says was pretextual retaliation over rate policy; a 5-4 companion decision the same day blocked that removal while her suit proceeds.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Days after a federal judge restored limits on ICE courthouse arrests, ICE agents arrested three men at Manhattan immigration courts. Advocates call it the first clear breach of two court orders; ICE denies wrongdoing but won't say how the arrests were lawful. The core harm is a federal agency appearing to shrug off a specific, recent judicial order.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Federal prosecutors charged 15 people, including a Macalester College professor, with felony conspiracy and related charges for protesting Operation Metro Surge. Defense attorneys and a constitutional law scholar call the charges overreach; similar cases nationally have a roughly 50% dismissal rate. A Human Rights Watch report released two days later concluded the operation being protested involved unlawful killings and racial profiling.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump signed a $70 billion ICE/CBP funding bill on June 10, 2026. Within weeks, ICE arrests surged past 10,000 in five days -- nearly double the prior pace -- after leadership ordered nearly all officers onto arrest duty and reportedly imposed a 3,000-arrests-per-day quota, which government lawyers deny is official policy. Two senior officials were reassigned for insufficient arrest numbers.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump bought Dell stock, then the Pentagon gave Dell a $9.7 billion contract two weeks later. Separately, 14 of 27 corporate donors to Trump's White House ballroom project won a combined $50 billion in new federal contracts within six months of giving. Ethics watchdogs call both pay-to-play; no formal violation has been charged.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump rejected Iran's peace proposal, called the ceasefire 'on massive life support,' and had a 'very major attack' planned before Gulf allies talked him out of it hours before execution. Congress was not consulted. Vance publicly declared the US 'locked and loaded.' The episode reveals war-making conducted entirely at presidential whim, with no legal or democratic check.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump launched a Navy operation to escort ships through the Strait of Hormuz during a nominal ceasefire without notifying Congress. Saudi Arabia denied US airspace access, collapsing the operation; on May 7 Iran attacked three US destroyers in the strait. The 'pause for negotiations' cover story was contradicted by reporting that Saudi Arabia's airspace denial made the mission militarily impossible.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump's DOJ indicted former FBI Director Comey for posting an Instagram photo of seashells reading '86 47,' claiming it was a death threat. Many former prosecutors and scholars called it a political prosecution of protected speech. Comey faces prison time for a social media post expressing opposition to Trump's presidency. The case is part of Trump's documented 'vengeance tour' targeting political enemies.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump's DOJ indicted the SPLC — the nation's leading hate-group monitor — on fraud and money laundering charges over a now-defunct program that secretly paid informants inside white supremacist groups, alleging the payments defrauded donors and funded extremism. The SPLC pleaded not guilty on May 7, 2026. Norm Eisen said 'we've never seen a case like this under a Democratic or a Republican administration.' The prosecution is pending.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump fired DHS Secretary Kristi Noem citing 'leadership failures' — not accountability for two civilians killed by federal agents in Minneapolis. Markwayne Mullin was confirmed as replacement. Noem was reshuffled to a diplomatic title, not held responsible for the extrajudicial killings under her watch.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
An executive order removed human-rights weighting from US executive arms transfer policy, replacing decades of bipartisan policy with a commerce-first approach. The subsequent emergency bypass of congressional review for $23+ billion in Gulf arms sales demonstrated the immediate consequences of removing these guardrails.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
With the Nigerian government's approval, the US struck targets in Nigeria for the first time, in Sokoto State. Some locals disputed the ISIS narrative, unexploded ordnance fell in villages, and the domestic legal authority for the strikes, outside any clear AUMF coverage, remains contested.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The Defense Department used military-discipline machinery against a sitting senator for telling troops to refuse unlawful orders, after the President called the video sedition 'punishable by death'. A federal judge blocked the censure as likely First Amendment retaliation; prosecutors' attempt to indict the lawmakers reportedly failed before a grand jury. The government's appeal was argued on 7 May 2026.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
A federal court permanently struck down the Pentagon's 2025 press-access policy as vague and viewpoint-discriminatory, then found the department had not complied and had instead cut reporters' access further. An appeals court let the escort rule stand pending appeal because the first judgment had not addressed it; the district court then preliminarily enjoined it as likely retaliation.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
A campaign of government coercion against media through broadcast license threats from the president and FCC chair, forced cancellation of a television show, pressure to remove apps, and demands that platforms suppress immigration-related content.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump fired the head of the federal agency that produces the jobs and inflation numbers on the day it published bad news for him, accusing her without evidence of rigging the data. The commissioner had no statutory protection from removal, but removing a chief statistician for unwelcome numbers attacks the independence of official statistics.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The administration deployed 4,000 National Guard troops and 700 Marines to Los Angeles without the governor's consent, and attempted to send Texas National Guard troops to Chicago. A federal judge ruled the Los Angeles deployment unlawful, and the Supreme Court declined to stay an order blocking the Illinois deployment, finding the government had not identified a source of authority.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The tariff regime was described by the administration as reciprocal response to trade imbalances, but the methodology for calculating tariff rates — dividing trade deficits by import values — was not a recognized economic method and did not reflect actual foreign tariff levels. Economists across the political spectrum warned of consumer price increases, supply chain disruptions, and reduced trade volumes. The tariffs on Chinese goods — reaching 145% cumulatively — effectively ended routine trade in many product categories. Markets fell sharply in the two trading days following the announcement. A 90-day pause was announced for most countries (excluding China) after Treasury Secretary Bessent and other officials lobbied Trump.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
DHS terminated humanitarian parole for 532,000 people from Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, stripping legal status effective April 24, 2025. The Supreme Court allowed the mass revocation in a 7-2 ruling, and DHS urged affected individuals to 'self-deport immediately.'
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Senior US officials including the Vice President, Defense Secretary, and CIA Director used a personal Signal group chat to discuss classified strike plans targeting Houthi forces in Yemen. A journalist was accidentally added. The Defense Secretary shared specific targeting and timing information, which the Pentagon inspector general later found put US personnel and the mission at risk. The incident revealed systemic disregard for classified information handling procedures.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Systematic dismantlement of disability protections through withdrawal of ADA guidance, cancellation of pending rules, elimination of Section 503 hiring goals, 50% staff cuts at the disability services agency, and an executive order promoting institutionalization — described by the American Bar Association as rolling 'back decades of disability rights.'
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The Department of Education serves approximately 50 million K-12 students through Title I funding to schools serving low-income students, special education grants under IDEA, and civil rights enforcement under Title IX and other statutes. It administers the federal student loan system covering 43 million borrowers. The mass staff reductions — 1,315 employees laid off in a reduction in force announced on March 11, 2025 (which, together with buyouts, roughly halved the department's staff) — severely affected the agency's capacity to process loan applications, investigate civil rights complaints, and distribute funding to schools. Schools serving the highest-need students, which depend most heavily on Title I funding, faced the greatest uncertainty.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
A coordinated erosion of tribal sovereignty through executive order revocation, termination of $1.5 billion in clean energy funding for 574 federally recognized tribes, and ICE encroachments on tribal lands that questioned Native Americans' citizenship status.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
A coordinated attack on US government-funded international broadcasting placed 1,300 journalists on leave, terminated Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty's grant, and attempted to gut Voice of America — until a federal judge ruled the actions illegal and ordered staff reinstated.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Billions in funding frozen or canceled to coerce universities into political compliance, with demands for protest suppression, admissions reform, and 'academic receivership' of specific departments. Columbia capitulated with a $221 million settlement; Harvard resisted and won a court order restoring $2.2 billion. NIH research funding was cut 24%.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
DOGE employees at SSA secretly worked with a political advocacy group to match Social Security data with voter rolls to find 'evidence of voter fraud and to overturn election results.' A signed data-sharing agreement and Hatch Act referrals followed. A whistleblower alleged DOGE copied 300+ million Americans' records into an unsecured virtual database.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Unprecedented use of executive orders to punish four law firms for representing clients adverse to the president. All four orders were struck down as unconstitutional violations of the First, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments. The campaign chilled legal representation and coerced at least nine other firms into compliance deals that remain operative.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The National Weather Service lost roughly 550 to 600 staff, including meteorologists and storm modelers, through probationary firings and early retirements, leaving 30 forecast offices without lead meteorologists. The NWS Goodland, Kansas office became the first to abandon 24/7 operations. Five former NWS directors warned the cuts endanger lives heading into tornado and hurricane season.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Using emergency waivers under the Arms Export Control Act, the administration has bypassed Congress to approve massive arms sales to Gulf states, including to the UAE despite documented evidence of UAE weapons flowing to the RSF in Sudan. The earlier rescission of NSM-20 removed an executive assurance policy; statutory conditions such as the Leahy laws remain.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
DOGE fired 350 NNSA nuclear weapons workers, including warhead assemblers at Pantex and radioactive waste managers at Savannah River, as part of a 2,000-person Department of Energy purge. Most firings were rescinded within 24 hours after bipartisan alarm over nuclear stockpile security, but the incident exposed DOGE's indiscriminate approach to agencies with critical national security functions.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The systematic dismantlement of the Department of Education began with DOGE slashing $881 million in research contracts and eliminating IES, followed by cutting half the workforce, and culminated in an executive order to shutter the entire department.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Musk used his government role leading DOGE to dismantle the CFPB, the agency positioned to regulate his XMoney digital payments platform, while gaining access to competitors' confidential financial data — a conflict of interest that ethics watchdogs and senators have flagged as potentially criminal under 18 U.S.C. 208. No charge or official finding has been made.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
DOGE operationally shut down the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau — a Congressionally-created agency protecting 330 million Americans from financial fraud — by ordering staff to cease all work, deleting social media accounts, and planning to fire nearly all 1,700 employees. Federal courts intervened but the agency remains gutted.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Mass layoffs at the FDA driven by the Department of Government Efficiency eliminated over 3,500 staff in 2025, causing foreign food safety inspections to drop by nearly half, outbreak investigations to go unsolved at record rates, and critical programs like avian influenza testing to be halted.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
DOGE directed mass firings of probationary employees, coerced ~75,000 resignations through the 'Fork in the Road' program, and orchestrated reductions in force totaling ~300,000 federal positions. Courts found the probationary firings illegal, but the Supreme Court sided with the administration on appeal.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
A multi-pronged attack on organized labor: destruction of the NLRB's quorum through the first-ever mid-term firing of a board member, an executive order stripping collective bargaining from 950,000 federal workers, and extension of the order to additional agencies — described as 'the single most aggressive action against organized labor in US history.'
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The US threatened Colombia with 25-50% tariffs, visa bans, and customs inspections to coerce acceptance of military deportation flights. Colombia capitulated within hours, establishing a precedent for weaponizing economic power to override sovereign decisions on migration.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump fired at least 17 inspectors general across the federal government without the advance notice to Congress that the Inspector General Act generally requires, and a later federal ruling said the notice failure violated the statute.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Over 10,000 troops were deployed to the US-Mexico border for immigration enforcement, with expanded authority to detain and search people in newly created military zones. In a separate case about Los Angeles, a federal judge found the administration 'willfully' violated the Posse Comitatus Act, the Reconstruction-era law separating military and civilian law enforcement.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Schedule F reclassification targets 50,000 federal employees for removal of civil service protections, enabling political firing for 'subversion of presidential directives.' The rule strips appeal rights, whistleblower protections, and Merit Systems Protection Board access, drawing lawsuits from over 30 organizations.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
An executive order attempting to override the Fourteenth Amendment's birthright citizenship guarantee by executive fiat, blocked by the lower courts and struck down by the Supreme Court in Trump v. Barbara on June 30, 2026.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Executive order reversing the federal execution moratorium and mandating the death penalty be sought for all murders by undocumented immigrants 'regardless of other factors' — creating a discriminatory two-tier system where immigration status, not the severity of the crime, determines whether the government seeks death.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Executive Order 14151 directed elimination of all federal DEI programs. DOGE implemented a three-phase purge, firing thousands of workers — including many who had no current DEI role — and in later court depositions DOGE staffers described using ChatGPT to flag humanities grants as DEI. A December 2025 class-action lawsuit alleges the purge targeted minorities, women, and LGBTQ+ employees.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
DOGE associates including Tom Krause (Broadcom executive) and Marko Elez (25-year-old with racist posts) accessed Treasury's $6 trillion payment system. Elez was mistakenly given write access to payment records. 19 AGs sued. Federal judges in New York temporarily blocked access, one calling the rollout 'chaotic and haphazard.' In a separate case, the 4th Circuit vacated a Maryland injunction in August 2025.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The administration threatened military and economic coercion to annex Greenland and reclaim the Panama Canal, with the Pentagon developing actual invasion plans. In a May 2025 NBC interview Trump refused to rule out military force to acquire Greenland; in January 2026 he threatened tariffs on European allies over it before ruling out force at Davos.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump used his first day back in office to grant sweeping clemency to January 6 defendants, including people convicted of violent attacks on police and leaders of groups convicted of seditious conspiracy.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The world's richest man led government cost-cutting while his companies held $38 billion in government funding. Zero Musk contracts were cut. SpaceX won new billions in Pentagon contracts during the cuts. No financial disclosure for Musk was made public.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
A systematic pattern of pardons benefiting political allies, donors, and financial criminals. Over half of 88 clemency grants went to white-collar offenders, erasing $1.3 billion in victim restitution. Twenty corrupt politicians were pardoned. The DOJ's Public Integrity Section — responsible for investigating corruption — has been largely dismantled, and the head of the Pardon Attorney's office was fired and replaced with a political loyalist.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
A multi-pronged campaign to restrict reproductive rights through executive action, including withdrawal from EMTALA enforcement, enforcement of the Hyde Amendment, and preparation to invoke the 1873 Comstock Act as a de facto nationwide abortion ban without Congressional action.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Federal funding cutoffs threatened against sanctuary cities and their entire states, and pending legislation to condition unrelated federal funding on immigration cooperation — a coercive federalism strategy that courts have repeatedly found unconstitutional.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
A systematic campaign of security clearance revocations targeting political opponents, critics, and former officials who investigated or prosecuted Trump, including 51 intelligence officials, prosecutors, state attorneys general, and even an entire private cybersecurity company — constituting an unprecedented use of classification authority for political punishment.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Schedule F's reclassification potentially covered hundreds of thousands of federal workers, stripping civil service protections that prevent politically-motivated firing. The 'deferred resignation' buyout offer — which OPM claimed would allow employees to stop working but continue receiving pay until late September 2025 — was criticized as legally uncertain, including under the Antideficiency Act; a federal judge in Massachusetts briefly paused the deadline in February 2025 but then ruled that the unions challenging it lacked standing. Tens of thousands of workers accepted. Agencies including USAID, the Department of Education, and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau were simultaneously subject to mass reductions in force. By spring 2025, an estimated 100,000+ federal workers had left or been terminated.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The AP's exclusion from press pool events — a credentialed, nonpartisan wire service — was triggered by the AP's editorial decision to continue using 'Gulf of Mexico' rather than 'Gulf of America,' the name Trump had issued an executive order to adopt. AP's position was that it followed geographic naming standards and could not adopt a contested renaming while it was politically motivated. Press freedom organizations condemned the exclusion as retaliation against a news organization for its editorial decisions.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Systematic destruction of the government oversight apparatus: 17 inspectors general fired, heads of the Office of Special Counsel and Office of Government Ethics removed, whistleblower retaliation cases up 9x at DOE, and federal employees reporting fear of speaking up or reporting wrongdoing.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The US left the WHO on January 22, 2026 without paying what it owed for 2024 and 2025, about $260–270 million according to the WHO and the UN. The 1948 joint resolution that authorized US membership makes the right to withdraw conditional on meeting US financial obligations for the WHO's current fiscal year. HHS says the US is under no obligation to pay.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
An unprecedented pattern of foreign government payments flowing to the president's personal businesses and financial ventures, including real estate deals in Vietnam, Serbia, Saudi Arabia, and the Gulf states, the LIV Golf partnership, a $400 million Qatari jet, and cryptocurrency schemes — prompting multiple Senate resolutions, introduced but not passed, that characterize the arrangements as Emoluments Clause violations.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Two New York judges found that Trump repeatedly violated orders protecting court staff, witnesses and jurors from his public attacks. He was fined in the civil fraud trial and held in criminal contempt ten times in the hush-money trial.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Weisselberg, the Trump Organization's CFO for decades, had pleaded guilty in August 2022 to 15 felony counts and agreed to cooperate with prosecutors. He testified against the company. Weisselberg received about $1.76 million in off-the-books compensation over 15 years that the company did not report as income. The company was convicted on all 17 counts, including scheme to defraud and falsifying business records. The $1.6 million fine was the maximum allowed but was a fraction of what corporate criminal fines typically run; prosecutors noted the fine was limited by statute.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The indictment alleged that Trump had shown classified documents to people without security clearances, directed his staff to move boxes to avoid document review, and directed his attorney to falsely certify that all subpoenaed materials had been returned — when they had not. Trump's valet Walt Nauta was indicted as a co-conspirator. The case was assigned to Judge Aileen Cannon, a Trump appointee; she dismissed the case in July 2024 on the grounds that the Special Counsel's appointment was unconstitutional. The Justice Department appealed.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The January 2, 2021 call lasted approximately one hour. Trump told Raffensperger he had won Georgia by 'hundreds of thousands of votes,' cited debunked fraud claims involving suitcases of ballots, a water main break, and Dominion Voting Systems, and asked Raffensperger to recalculate — or simply declare — a Trump victory. Raffensperger told Trump his information was wrong. Trump's lawyers and chief of staff were also on the call. Raffensperger's attorney Ryan Germany debunked specific claims in real time during the call. The recorded call was the most explicit documented example of Trump personally pressuring a state election official to alter certified results. The Fulton County indictment in August 2023 charged Trump under Georgia's RICO statute; the case was dropped on November 26, 2025, without a trial or conviction of Trump.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump's end-of-term pardons formed a pattern: the beneficiaries were overwhelmingly personal associates, political allies, or people whose silence or loyalty had protected Trump from prosecutorial pressure. Manafort and Stone had both been convicted in Mueller's investigation. Flynn had pleaded guilty twice to lying to the FBI. Bannon was under indictment for fraud. The pardons rewarded loyalty and silence — establishing that cooperation with investigators would not be protected, while non-cooperation would be.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Louis DeJoy was appointed Postmaster General in May 2020 despite having no postal service background and being a major Republican donor. Within weeks, DeJoy implemented changes including eliminating overtime (which slowed mail delivery), removing letter-sorting machines (which processed mail faster), reducing post office hours, and ordering trucks to depart on schedule rather than wait for mail. Mail piled up. First-class mail delivery times — the metric by which election mail is typically processed — deteriorated significantly. Trump simultaneously told Fox Business the slowdown was deliberate, saying he was withholding USPS funding specifically because it would facilitate mail-in voting he opposed.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
DeJoy's operational changes caused immediate and documented mail delays across the country. The changes were implemented months before the presidential election in which mail-in voting was expected to reach record levels due to COVID. Trump stated publicly that he was blocking Post Office funding to prevent mail-in voting. USPS removed 671 high-speed mail-sorting machines; some were dismantled before DeJoy announced a suspension of the changes in response to congressional and legal pressure. Multiple states sued. The sorting machine removals were not reversed even after the suspension.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The Washington Post and New York Times documented a pattern of White House interference with CDC scientific publications. CDC reports in the MMWR — the agency's flagship peer-reviewed publication that had never previously been subject to political review — were reviewed and in some cases altered by Michael Caputo, a political appointee installed at HHS with no public health credentials. Caputo was later placed on leave after a Facebook video in which he accused CDC scientists of a 'resistance unit' against Trump. CDC Director Redfield testified that CDC school reopening guidance was replaced after Trump tweeted that it was 'very tough and expensive.' The FDA's hydroxychloroquine EUA and convalescent plasma approval were both accompanied by documented political pressure.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
In February 2020, the Trump administration announced the diversion of an additional $3.8 billion in Pentagon funds to border wall construction — funds Congress had appropriated for other defense purposes. It followed the September 2019 deferral of 127 military construction projects to free $3.6 billion, among them a $62.6 million middle school at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. In June 2020 the Ninth Circuit held that the transfers violated the Appropriations Clause; the Supreme Court declined, 5–4, to lift its stay, and construction continued.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The first impeachment arose from a July 25, 2019 call between Trump and Ukrainian President Zelensky in which Trump asked Ukraine to 'do us a favor' by investigating the Bidens and the 2016 election, while $391 million in congressionally approved military aid was being withheld. Ambassador Gordon Sondland testified that there was an explicit quid pro quo and 'everyone was in the loop.' Ambassador William Taylor testified that U.S. officials were told the aid was conditioned on the announcement of investigations. The Senate acquitted on party-line votes except for Romney, who voted to convict on the abuse of power article. Two days after the acquittal, Sondland was recalled as ambassador and Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman (who had raised the alarm about the call) was removed from his NSC post and reassigned to the Army.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Sondland had originally testified in closed session that he had no knowledge of a quid pro quo involving military aid. After two other diplomats — William Taylor and Tim Morrison — submitted testimony contradicting Sondland's account, Sondland submitted a supplemental declaration amending his prior testimony to acknowledge he had told a Ukrainian official that the release of military assistance would likely not occur until Ukraine announced investigations. In his public testimony, Sondland went further, naming Pompeo, Mulvaney, and Bolton as aware of the arrangement and stating the quid pro quo was explicit.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump granted clemency 237 times in his first term (144 pardons and 94 commutations), including 143 grants on his last full day in office. Analysts documented that a disproportionate share of Trump's pardons went to political allies, relatives of political allies, or individuals whose cases were connected to Trump's political interests. The pardons of Manafort, Stone, Flynn, and Bannon were specifically notable because each had been convicted or charged in connection with conduct related to Trump's political activities, and each received executive clemency. The final day pardons also included Steve Bannon, who was awaiting trial.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Stone was convicted of lying to Congress about his contacts with WikiLeaks, which had published emails stolen from the Democratic National Committee and John Podesta by Russian intelligence. The jury found he had also tampered with a witness — elderly former radio host Randy Credico — to prevent him from contradicting Stone's false congressional testimony. All four prosecutors withdrew from the case after senior DOJ officials overrode their sentencing recommendation. Trump commuted Stone's sentence days before Stone was to report to prison; he issued a full pardon seven months later.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
After a phone call with Erdoğan, Trump announced U.S. forces would step aside from the Turkish-Syrian border, describing the Syrian Kurds as 'no angels' and suggesting the region's conflicts were 'not our problem.' Turkey launched Operation Peace Spring within hours. The SDF — which had lost 11,000 fighters combating ISIS — was forced to divert troops from guarding ISIS prisoner facilities; hundreds of ISIS prisoners escaped.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump's September 1 tweet falsely included Alabama in Hurricane Dorian's path. The National Weather Service in Birmingham, Alabama, issued a correction saying Alabama was not at risk. Trump then displayed an Oval Office map showing the altered cone reaching into Alabama. Multiple officials at NOAA described feeling pressured not to contradict the president. The New York Times reported that Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross threatened firings if the contradiction was not resolved; the Commerce Department denied that Ross threatened to fire any NOAA staff. An unsigned statement supporting Trump's position was issued by NOAA over scientists' objections. A formal Inspector General investigation was opened.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The first Trump administration wrote a regulation to end the court settlement that limits how long migrant children can be detained, so that families could be held together in ICE-licensed facilities for the length of their cases. Federal courts blocked the family-detention provisions before they took effect, holding that they contradicted the settlement's core presumption in favour of release.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Ukraine had been under Russian military pressure since 2014. The $391 million in security assistance — congressionally appropriated bipartisan aid that had nothing to do with Biden — was withheld by Trump's Office of Management and Budget while the White House sought a Ukrainian announcement of investigations. The July 25 call between Trump and Zelensky documented the pressure: Trump told Zelensky he needed a 'favor' — an investigation of the 2016 election and of Biden — before the U.S. would proceed. A White House national security official filed a whistleblower complaint. The aid was eventually released in September 2019 after the whistleblower complaint became public.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump conditioned release of congressionally-approved military aid on Ukraine's announcement of investigations targeting his political rival. The scheme, exposed by a whistleblower and confirmed by multiple witnesses including Trump's own ambassador to the EU, made national security funds contingent on Trump's personal electoral interests. The House voted to impeach; the Senate acquitted on party lines after blocking witness testimony.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Mueller's investigation documented ten episodes of potential obstruction of justice and concluded that while it could not exonerate Trump, it also could not reach a traditional prosecutorial judgment because of the OLC opinion barring indictment of a sitting president. Barr's summary letter stated 'the Special Counsel did not find that the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with Russia' and that Mueller had 'not established that members of the Trump campaign conspired.' On obstruction, Barr stated on his own authority that the evidence was 'not sufficient to establish that the President committed an obstruction-of-justice offense' — an independent judgment Mueller had explicitly declined to make.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump had explicitly asked Congress for $5.7 billion for the border wall; Congress appropriated $1.375 billion for fencing, far less than requested. Trump signed the appropriations bill and then simultaneously declared a national emergency to bypass the congressional decision and access Pentagon funds Congress had not authorized for this purpose. He acknowledged the emergency framing was pretextual, saying at the announcement: 'I could do the wall over a longer period of time. I didn't need to do this. But I'd rather do it much faster.' Congress voted to terminate the emergency; Trump vetoed. Courts blocked parts of the diversion; the Supreme Court allowed it to proceed pending litigation.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Stone was charged with lying to the House Intelligence Committee about his contacts with WikiLeaks during the 2016 campaign, when he served as an intermediary between the Trump campaign and WikiLeaks regarding the release of hacked Democratic emails. He also threatened a witness — radio personality Randy Credico, whom he called a 'rat' and threatened to harm his therapy dog — to prevent him from contradicting Stone's testimony. The jury of twelve convicted Stone on every count after deliberating for two days. All four prosecutors withdrew from the case (one also resigned from the Justice Department) after the Justice Department overrode their sentencing recommendation of 7 to 9 years with a more lenient one, following Trump's tweet calling the original recommendation 'very unfair.' The federal judge sentenced Stone to 40 months.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Prosecutors alleged Manafort was paid more than $60 million between 2010 and 2014 by Ukrainian sponsors for political work for Viktor Yanukovych, the pro-Russian Ukrainian president later forced from office and who fled to Russia. Manafort hid the income in offshore accounts and spent lavishly while lying on tax returns and bank loan applications. Mueller's investigation documented that Manafort had also shared internal Trump campaign polling data with Konstantin Kilimnik, whom the bipartisan Senate Intelligence Committee report (Volume 5, August 2020) characterized as a 'Russian intelligence officer', calling Manafort's activities a 'grave counterintelligence threat'.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The ProPublica investigation documented a 'shadow VA' in which the three Mar-a-Lago members — who paid $200,000 entry fees — exchanged hundreds of calls and emails with VA officials, reviewed candidates for top positions, pressed for months for additional vetting of a $10 billion electronic health records contract with Cerner, and shaped the VA's strategic direction without any official appointment. VA Secretary Shulkin had cooperated with the arrangements. He was fired amid internal feuding; Trump nominated his personal physician Ronny Jackson as replacement; Jackson withdrew after Senate investigators documented allegations of drunk driving, overprescribing, and creating a 'toxic work environment.'
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Kushner's initial SF-86 security clearance form, filed in January 2017, omitted more than 100 foreign contacts, including meetings with Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak and Russian banker Sergey Gorkov. He amended the form multiple times. Career intelligence and law enforcement officials raised concerns about his business's financial entanglements with foreign nationals, including a $1.4 billion loan his family company received from Qatari-linked investors, and meetings he had had with foreign officials during the transition. Chief of Staff John Kelly wrote an internal memo stating he personally overruled the career professionals' recommendation against granting clearance. Trump later denied to journalists that he had ordered the clearance, contradicting Kelly's memo.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The State Department OIG's April 2021 report on the investigation begun by Linick found more than a hundred improper requests by Pompeo or his wife to department staff, including mailing personal holiday cards, caring for family pets and planning personal events. Trump removed Linick on May 15, 2020; Trump's letter cited lost confidence, and Pompeo later said the decision to remove Linick was his. Linick testified to Congress in June 2020 about the circumstances of his firing, including the errands investigation and alleged bullying by Pompeo aide Brian Bulatao over a separate review of emergency arms sales to Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Pompeo denied wrongdoing.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross claimed the Census Bureau had been asked by the DOJ to add the citizenship question for Voting Rights enforcement. This explanation was false: Ross had asked the DOJ to request the question, not the reverse. The Supreme Court ruled the pretext was evident and blocked the question. In late May 2019, before the decision, documents from the hard drives of Thomas Hofeller — a Republican redistricting expert who died in 2018 — revealed he had written a study years earlier stating that a citizenship question would allow Republicans to draw districts based on citizen (rather than total) population, 'which would be advantageous to Republicans and non-Hispanic whites.' The documents suggest the question originated in a redistricting strategy its author said would advantage Republicans and non-Hispanic whites.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The first Trump administration tried to end temporary legal status for about 300,000 people from six countries. A court found evidence of White House pressure, rewritten staff recommendations and presidential animus, and blocked the terminations; an appeals court later lifted that block on jurisdictional grounds. The terminations were held off by litigation until the next administration changed course.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The first Trump administration cut refugee admissions to the lowest ceilings since the 1980 Refugee Act, and by executive order let states and localities veto refugee resettlement. Two federal courts held the veto likely unlawful under the Refugee Act and blocked it. The ceilings themselves were a lawful use of presidential discretion.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
DACA recipients — sometimes called Dreamers — had arrived in the United States as children, had lived here for years or decades, had submitted to background checks, and had registered with the government in reliance on the Obama administration's promise of temporary protection. Sessions announced the rescission by describing immigrants in terms that critics said echoed nativist rhetoric. The administration's stated legal basis was that DACA was an unconstitutional executive overreach; the Supreme Court did not reach this question, instead finding the rescission procedurally defective — the DHS Secretary had failed to adequately explain the agency's reasoning as required by the APA.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump's attacks on DOJ independence were systematic across four years. He publicly tweeted demands for prosecution of Clinton and others; pressured Sessions to unrecuse and Rosenstein to limit Mueller's investigation; fired Comey; asked Mueller to be fired (stopped only by White House counsel Don McGahn's threatened resignation); demanded investigation of the FBI's origins investigation; and in December 2020–January 2021 pressured acting AG Jeffrey Rosen to pursue election fraud claims after Bill Barr had resigned rather than act on them. The January 3, 2021 Oval Office meeting in which Trump demanded Rosen be replaced with Jeffrey Clark — who would have sent false letters to state officials claiming DOJ had found election fraud — was documented in Senate Judiciary Committee testimony.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
DeVos, a billionaire Michigan donor with ties to the for-profit education industry through her family's investment portfolio, was confirmed in February 2017 in a 50-50 Senate vote — the first cabinet confirmation requiring Vice President Pence's tiebreaking vote in history. She immediately moved to suspend the Obama administration's Borrower Defense to Repayment rules, which provided a path for students defrauded by schools to have their federal loans discharged. More than 100,000 borrower defense applications accumulated while DeVos's department delayed processing them. Courts found the delays violated federal law. She also rescinded the Gainful Employment rule that required for-profit programs to demonstrate graduates could earn enough to service their student debt.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The Mueller Report documented a sustained pattern of obstruction. Trump ordered McGahn to fire Mueller in June 2017; McGahn refused and prepared to resign. Trump later ordered McGahn to publicly deny having received this order; McGahn refused. Trump publicly praised associates who did not cooperate and attacked those who did. The Mueller Report examined whether Trump's public and private statements about Manafort were intended to signal that a pardon was possible and so discourage cooperation. Mueller concluded that Congress, not the Special Counsel, was the appropriate institution to address obstruction given OLC policy against indicting a sitting president.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump fired FBI Director Comey while Comey's bureau was investigating Trump campaign ties to Russia. Trump's own statements to Lester Holt and to Russian officials — that the firing relieved 'great pressure' from the Russia investigation — directly contradicted the White House's stated justifications. Mueller's report identified ten episodes of potential obstruction and declined to exonerate Trump; it explicitly left open the question of indictment.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Price's private jet use was revealed by Politico, which reported in September 2017 that he had taken multiple private charter flights at costs far exceeding commercial alternatives — including a $25,000 flight from Washington, D.C. to Philadelphia, a route served by Amtrak trains for under $80 and commercial flights for under $200. After the initial Politico report, additional flights were disclosed including trips to Europe, Africa, and Asia on military aircraft. Trump initially said he was 'not happy' about the reports while keeping Price in office, then accepted Price's resignation on September 29, 2017. Price offered to reimburse approximately $52,000 — the cost of his seat only on the flights — but not the full charter costs.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Sessions's recusal created the conditions for the appointment of Special Counsel Robert Mueller, since it meant Deputy AG Rod Rosenstein oversaw the Russia investigation. Trump spent 20 months publicly attacking Sessions for his recusal — including in tweets, press statements, and reporting — while his private conduct (documented by Mueller) included repeated instructions that Sessions should 'unrecuse' himself and take control of the investigation. The day after the 2018 midterm elections, Trump demanded and received Sessions's resignation, replacing him with Matthew Whitaker — a move DOJ legal scholars argued was designed to install an acting AG who would not be recused from the Russia investigation.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Zinke took a $12,375 charter flight from Las Vegas to Montana after speaking to the Vegas Golden Knights, a hockey team owned by a major campaign donor; the Interior Inspector General found the speech was not official business. A foundation he created was involved with Halliburton chairman David Lesar in a development project in his hometown of Whitefish, Montana. Two Connecticut tribes said Interior refused to sign off on their casino project after lobbying by MGM Resorts International and two Nevada Republican lawmakers. He reduced Bears Ears National Monument by 85% and Grand Staircase-Escalante by nearly half — the largest rollback of protected federal land in U.S. history. He resigned in December 2018; Interior's Inspector General had referred his conduct to the Justice Department in October 2018.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump's first executive actions on LGBTQ issues included rescinding a 2016 guidance protecting transgender students' bathroom access in public schools. In July 2017, Trump tweeted the military ban without notifying the Joint Chiefs; the tweet came after DOD had already been studying how to implement transgender service. The administration also reversed Obama-era healthcare anti-discrimination guidance, removed LGBTQ survey questions from the Census and government surveys, and reversed protections for LGBTQ workers in federal contracting. The Supreme Court ultimately ruled in June 2020 that Title VII's prohibition on sex discrimination covers LGBTQ workers.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Pruitt's tenure combined serious corruption with aggressive deregulation — two goals that reinforced each other. His round-the-clock security detail cost more than $4.6 million by June 2018; an internal EPA intelligence assessment found no specific credible threats justifying its expansion. He flew first class, citing security, over the reluctance of the lead agent of his own detail. He rented a condo from a lobbyist couple at $50/night while their firm had clients regulated by the EPA. He raised the salaries of two aides by about $56,765 and $28,130 using a Safe Drinking Water Act hiring provision after the White House had rejected the increases. He was ultimately undone by the accumulation of scandal but had already implemented dozens of deregulatory actions.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Trump's attacks on the intelligence community followed a pattern: dispute assessments that reflected poorly on him or contradicted foreign governments he was cultivating, attack the officials who provided them, reward officials who shaped assessments to his preferences, and revoke credentials of critics. He disputed the CIA's assessments of Saudi Crown Prince MBS's role in the Khashoggi murder, Russian interference in the 2016 election, North Korean nuclear progress, and Iranian nuclear program compliance. He announced the revocation of former CIA Director John Brennan's security clearance and threatened the clearances of other former officials who had criticized him, and installed loyalists in acting DNI and other positions.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Having failed to repeal the ACA legislatively (defeated by the 51-49 Senate vote, including John McCain's thumbs-down), the Trump administration used regulatory and administrative mechanisms to undermine it: eliminating the individual mandate penalty, cutting navigator and outreach funding from $63 million to $10 million, supporting a lawsuit arguing the entire ACA was unconstitutional, and expanding short-term health plans that excluded pre-existing conditions. CBO projected that repealing the individual mandate penalty (enacted by Congress in the 2017 tax law, which the President signed) would increase the number of uninsured by 13 million by 2027.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Unlike every president in modern history, Trump refused to divest from his businesses, instead placing them in a trust managed by his sons. Foreign governments and domestic government agencies spent millions at Trump properties during his presidency. Courts dismissed emoluments cases on procedural grounds rather than merits; a January 2024 House Oversight Democrats report documented more than $7.8 million in payments from at least 20 foreign governments to Trump businesses during his presidency.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The Office of Special Counsel — an independent federal watchdog — found that at least 13 senior Trump administration officials violated the Hatch Act before the 2020 election, mostly by promoting Trump's reelection in official-capacity interviews; Pompeo by changing State Department policy to speak at the RNC; and Wolf and others by orchestrating a naturalization ceremony to create RNC content. Each could only have been disciplined by Trump, who took no action. Earlier, in May 2019, Conway responded to Hatch Act criticism: 'Let me know when the jail sentence starts.'
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Federal prosecutors in Manhattan subpoenaed the inaugural committee in February 2019. Prosecutors subpoenaed records investigating potential coordination with foreign nationals and possible misuse of nonprofit funds. Tom Barrack, who chaired the fundraising effort, was indicted in July 2021 on charges of acting as an unregistered foreign agent of the UAE, obstruction of justice, and making false statements. The indictment alleged Barrack had used his position in the Trump campaign and inaugural committee to influence U.S. policy and public statements in favor of the UAE. Barrack was acquitted at trial in November 2022. Prosecutors were reported in December 2018 to be examining whether Middle Eastern foreigners used straw donors to funnel money to the committee; no such finding has been made public.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Prior presidents had either sold their business assets or placed them in blind trusts managed by independent trustees. Trump placed his holdings in a revocable trust managed by his sons Donald Jr. and Eric, with Trump retaining the ability to revoke the trust at any time and receiving financial reports about the businesses. The Office of Government Ethics stated the arrangement was insufficient to prevent conflicts. The Trump International Hotel in Washington, housed in a federally-owned building under a lease Trump's own government administered, became a center of lobbying activity, with foreign governments and domestic interest groups booking events and rooms to seek favorable treatment. Saudi Arabia spent more than $270,000 at the hotel in a single year.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
Flynn was paid over $530,000 by a Turkish-controlled entity while serving as one of Trump's most prominent campaign surrogates in 2016 — work he initially did not disclose and later retroactively registered as foreign agent activity. He lied to FBI investigators about his December 2016 contacts with Russian Ambassador Kislyak, in which he discussed sanctions that the Obama administration had just imposed on Russia for election interference. Flynn pleaded guilty to making false statements in December 2017, cooperated with Mueller, then attempted to withdraw his plea, and was ultimately pardoned by Trump in November 2020.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The prosecution established that Trump directed Michael Cohen to pay Stormy Daniels $130,000 less than two weeks before the 2016 election. Trump reimbursed Cohen through a series of false invoices and checks falsely recorded as 'legal expenses' — the 34 counts all arose from these falsified records. The Manhattan DA alleged the falsification was done to conceal the underlying crime of election fraud (influencing an election through unlawful means). The case also documented the AMI/National Enquirer arrangement in which the tabloid bought and suppressed stories from McDougal and others — the 'catch and kill' scheme. Trump was sentenced to an unconditional discharge on January 10, 2025, ten days before his second inauguration; the conviction remains on record. He filed his appeal brief with the Appellate Division in October 2025, and on August 28, 2026 federal Judge Alvin Hellerstein again refused to move the case to federal court on immunity grounds.
Grade 2 of 5: Major Abuse of Power
The National Enquirer's 'catch and kill' program operated by buying the rights to stories from people with negative accounts of Trump — paying them for exclusives and then killing the stories. AMI purchased stories involving alleged sexual affairs and other damaging material. Federal prosecutors concluded the scheme constituted illegal campaign contributions; AMI entered a non-prosecution agreement admitting this. David Pecker's cooperation was central to the conviction of Michael Cohen and the eventual conviction of Trump himself.