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#Congressional authorization

The constitutional requirement for congressional approval of military action (Article I), arms sales, and major spending. Incidents involve the executive branch acting without required congressional authorization.

Grade 4 of 5: Critical Rights and Rule-of-Law Concern

Naval Blockade of Venezuelan Oil Exports

A naval blockade of Venezuelan oil exports drew condemnation from UN experts as a violation of fundamental international law, with legal analysts characterizing it as an act of war imposed without Congressional authorization.