The Trump administration launched a campaign to punish cities and states that limit cooperation with federal immigration enforcement by threatening to withhold federal funding for health, education, transportation, and social services. The administration expanded the scope from individual cities to entire states, sued 29 states for non-compliance, and is supporting legislation that would codify the coercive approach. Federal courts have repeatedly blocked the funding cutoffs as unconstitutional.
\nBeginning immediately after inauguration, the administration resumed threats to cut federal funding from \"sanctuary\" jurisdictions — cities and counties that limit local law enforcement cooperation with ICE, such as declining to hold individuals beyond their scheduled release date based solely on immigration detainers.
\nOn January 13, 2026, Trump announced a dramatic expansion: starting February 1, he would deny federal funding to entire states that are home to sanctuary jurisdictions. This expansion means that a sanctuary policy in one city could result in funding cuts affecting every resident of the state — including those in jurisdictions that fully cooperate with federal immigration enforcement.
\nFederal courts have consistently found that the funding cutoffs exceed executive authority:
\nUS District Judge William Orrick in San Francisco extended a preliminary injunction blocking the administration from cutting off or conditioning federal funds for 35+ jurisdictions including Boston, Chicago, Denver, and Los Angeles. The ruling follows the constitutional principle established in NFIB v. Sebelius (2012) that the federal government cannot use the threat of losing existing funding to coerce states into adopting new policy positions.
\nThe \"No Bailout for Sanctuary Cities\" Act, under consideration in Congress, would attempt to overcome the constitutional limitations by legislatively conditioning otherwise unrelated funding on immigration cooperation. The National Immigration Law Center warns the bill would force jurisdictions to \"choose between facilitating mass deportations and providing basic services,\" conditioning:
\non participation in immigration enforcement.
\nDemocratic self-governance (ICCPR Article 25): Punishing elected officials and their entire constituencies for lawful policy choices — sanctuary policies are not illegal — undermines the right to democratic self-governance. Local officials who implement sanctuary policies are exercising their legitimate authority over local law enforcement priorities.
\nProgressive realization and non-retrogression (ICESCR Article 2): The ICESCR requires states to progressively realize economic, social, and cultural rights and prohibits deliberate retrogression. Withholding health, education, and social service funding as political punishment causes retrogression in the realization of these rights for entire populations.
\nAdequate standard of living (ICESCR Article 11, UDHR Article 25): The right to an adequate standard of living, including food, housing, and medical care, is undermined when federal funding for health and social services is withheld based on unrelated policy disagreements.
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